View source for Jean Gaspard Itard

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{{Short description|French physician (1774–1838)}}

{{Colored box|title=<div style="width:280px;float:left;margin-right:1.5rem;">[[File:Jean marc gaspard itard 1775 hi.jpg|thumb|Jean Itard (19th Century painting)]]</div>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Jean Itard
| birth_name         = Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1774|04|24}}
| birth_place        = [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Alpes-de-Haute-Provence], France
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1838|07|05|1774|04|24}}
| death_place        = [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris Paris], US
| education          = [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_AmherstUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst] (EdD)<br>[https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University Columbia University] (MA)<br>[https://wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto University of Toronto] (BA)
| occupation         = Physician
| known_for          = Work with the feral child, [[Victor of Aveyron]]
}}
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'''Jean Marc Gaspard Itard''' (24 April 1774, [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraison Oraison], [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]&nbsp;– 5 July 1838, Paris) was a renowned French physician from Provence.<ref>[https://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/itard_jean/victor_de_l_Aveyron/victor.html Jean Itard, Mémoire et Rapport sur Victor de l'Aveyron (1801 et 1806)]</ref> He is best known for his work with Victor of Aveyron, a feral child.

== Biography ==
=== Early Life and Career ===

Born in Oraison, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Itard, lacking a formal university education, initially worked at a bank. He was compelled to join the army during the French Revolution. Despite his lack of formal training, Itard began working as a physician.<ref name="WhoNamedIt">[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1168.html Jean Marc Gaspard Itard.] WhoNamedIt.com.  Accessed 6 March 2010.</ref> His exceptional performance at a military hospital in Soliers led to his appointment as deputy surgeon at the Val-de-Grâce (Hôpital d'instruction des armées du Val-de-Grâce) military hospital in Paris in 1796. In 1799, he became a physician at the National Institution for Deaf Mutes.

=== Mentorship and Innovation === 
In Paris, Itard was mentored by the eminent physician René Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope.<ref>Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J (May 2003). "BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax". Thorax. 58 Suppl 2 (90002): ii39–52. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.suppl_2.ii39. PMC 1766020. PMID 12728149.</ref> Itard made his own medical breakthroughs, including the description of pneumothorax in 1803, a condition further elaborated upon by Laennec in 1819. In 1821, Itard made significant contributions to the field of otology, documenting over 170 case studies in a major publication.<ref name="WhoNamedIt"/> His innovations in this field include the invention of the Eustachian catheter, often referred to as "Itard's catheter". He also described a numbness condition in the tympanic membrane during otosclerosis, known as "Itard-Cholewa Symptom".

=== Later Life and Death === 
As the chief physician at the Institution Royale des sourds-muets, Itard documented the first known case of Tourette syndrome in 1825, observed in Marquise de Dampierre, a noblewoman.<ref>Teive HA, Chien HF, Munhoz RP, Barbosa ER (December 2008). "Charcot's contribution to the study of Tourette's syndrome". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 66 (4): 918–21. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2008000600035. PMID 19099145.</ref> Itard passed away in Paris, France, at the age of 64 on July 5, 1838.

== Work on [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_of_Aveyron Victor of Aveyron] ==
He is known as an [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/deaf_education educator of the deaf], and tried his educational theories in the celebrated case of [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_of_Aveyron Victor of Aveyron], dramatized in the 1970 motion picture ''[https://wikipedia.org/wiki/The Wild Child The Wild Child]'' directed by [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Truffaut François Truffaut], who also played Itard. However, he was disappointed with the progress he made with Victor.<ref name=WhoNamedIt/> Itard was known to conduct experiments on the deaf students of the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_Nationale_des_Sourds-Muets_à_Paris Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris] in useless attempts to restore their hearing, including delivering electrical shocks, leech therapy, ear surgeries, and various types of internal and external medicinal applications.<ref>When the Mind Hears |  Harlan Lane | {{ISBN|0679720235}}</ref>

== Works ==
Itard's significant works include "An Historical Account of the Discovery and Education of a Savage Man, Or of the First Developments, Physical and Moral, of the Young Savage Caught in the Woods Near Aveyron, in the Year 1798" (1802), and a two-volume work on the diseases of the ear and hearing, "Traité des maladies de l'oreille et de l'audition" (1821). His last major work, published in July 1825, discussed involuntary functions of the locomotive, grasping, and vocal apparatus.
Itard, without a university education and working at a bank, was forced to enter the army during the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution French Revolution], but presented himself as a physician at that time.<ref name="WhoNamedIt"/> After successfully working as an assistant physician at a [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/military hospital military hospital] in [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliers Soliers], in 1796, he was appointed deputy surgeon at [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Grâce Val-de-Grâce] (Hôpital d'instruction des armées du Val-de-Grâce) military hospital in Paris, and in 1799{{citation needed|date=December 2014|reason=1799 sounds too early}}, physician at the National Institution for Deaf Mutes.

* {{cite book |last1=Itard |first1=Jean Marc Gaspard |title=An Historical Account of the Discovery and Education of a Savage Man, Or of the First Developments, Physical and Moral, of the Young Savage Caught in the Woods Near Aveyron, in the Year 1798 |date=1802 |publisher=Richard Phillips |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc00itargoog |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=2008-03-22 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Itard |first1=Jean Marc Gaspard |title=Traité des maladies de l'oreille et de l'audition, Tome premier |date=1821 |publisher=Méquignon-Marvis |location=Paris |url=https://archive.org/details/traitdesmaladies01itar |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last1=Itard|first1=Jean Marc Gaspard|title=Traité des maladies de l'oreille et de l'audition, Tome second|date=1821|publisher=Méquignon-Marvis|location=Paris|url=https://archive.org/details/traitdesmaladies02itar|access-date=15 June 2020|archive-date=7 March 2012|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Itard |first1=Jean Marc Gaspard |title=Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension et de la voix |journal=Archives générales de médecine |date=July 1825 |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=385–407 |url=https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/page?90165x1825x08&p=385 |access-date=15 June 2020  |language=fr}}

== René Laennec ==
In Paris, Itard was a student of distinguished physician [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Laennec René Laennec], inventor of the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/stethoscope stethoscope] (in 1816). Laennec was a few years younger but had a formal education at the university at [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nantes Nantes] and later became a lecturer and professor of medicine at the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Collège_de_France Collège_de_France]. Itard described [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/pneumothorax pneumothorax] in 1803; Laennec would provide a fuller description of the condition in 1819.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J |title=BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=Thorax |volume=58 Suppl 2 |issue= 90002|pages=ii39–52 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12728149 |pmc=1766020 | doi = 10.1136/thorax.58.suppl_2.ii39 }}</ref>

== Other works ==
In 1821, Itard published a major work on [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/otology otology], describing the results of his medical research based on over 170 detailed cases.  He is credited with the invention of a [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_catheter Eustachian] [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/catheter catheter] that is referred to as "Itard's catheter".  Numbness in the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/tympanic_membrane tympanic_membrane] during [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/otosclerosis otosclerosis] has the eponymous name of "Itard-Cholewa Symptom".<ref name=WhoNamedIt/>

In 1825, as the head physician at the Institution Royale des sourds-muets, Itard was credited with describing the first case of [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome Tourette syndrome] in [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquise_de_Dampierre Marquise de Dampierre], a woman of nobility.<ref name=Teive>{{cite journal |vauthors=Teive HA, Chien HF, Munhoz RP, Barbosa ER |title=Charcot's contribution to the study of Tourette's syndrome |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=918–21 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19099145 |doi= 10.1590/S0004-282X2008000600035|doi-access=free }}</ref>

On 5 July 1838, at the age of 64, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard died in Paris, France.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Itard,+Jean+Marc+Gaspard | name=Jean Marc Gaspard Itard}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jean Marc Gaspard Itard}}

==Categories==
[[Category:People]]

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